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Deep evolutionary origin of gamete-directed zygote activation by KNOX/ BELL transcription factors in green plants.

Hisanaga, T., et al. · 2021 · eLife   research

doi:10.7554/elife.57090   PMID:34579806   PMC8478417

Linked genes (8)  3 core 5 peripheral

Gene ID	Name	Evidence / Role	Function (this paper)
Mp8g02970	MpBELL3	experimental subject	Antheridiophore (male)-specific BELL partner of MpKNOX1; Mpbell3/4 double knockouts cause partial karyogamy failure (~half of zygotes). Paternally inherited MpBELL3/4 recruit maternal MpKNOX1 to the pronuclei, while maternal MpBELL3/4 also contribute.
Mp8g07680	MpBELL4	experimental subject	Antheridiophore-specific BELL acting redundantly with MpBELL3; Mpbell3/4 double mutants block karyogamy in ~half of zygotes. Sperm-delivered MpBELL3/4 partner with maternal MpKNOX1 for nuclear localization and zygote activation.
Mp5g01600	MpKNOX1	experimental subject	Egg-specific KNOX transcription factor that is the central subject; Mpknox1 loss-of-function eggs arrest at karyogamy (100% fail nuclear fusion). Maternally inherited and dispensable from the paternal side; MpKNOX1-GFP transiently localizes to both pronuclei ~12 h after fertilization to drive zygote activation.
Mp5g18000	MpECpro missing	experimental tool	Egg-cell-specific promoter element used to drive egg-restricted reporter expression (e.g. ECpro-MpSUN-GFP) for visualization in wild-type and Mpknox1 backgrounds.
Mp5g02400	MpSUN missing	experimental tool	Used as a nuclear-envelope marker (MpSUN-GFP) to visualize pronuclear tethering and distinguish migration from membrane fusion, showing arrest at nuclear membrane fusion in mutants.
Mp8g18310	MpBELL1	citation background	Cited from public expression data as a non-partner BELL preferentially expressed in sporophytes; suggested at most a minor role in karyogamy.
Mp4g09650	MpBELL2	citation background	Cited from expression data as a BELL family member not involved in gamete-directed zygote activation; mentioned only as a redundancy candidate.
Mp5g11060	MpBELL5	citation background	Cited from expression data as an archegonia-preferential BELL; proposed as a possible minor redundant contributor to karyogamy.